Module development and code questions

Hello,

I want to build a page for a sports league and I have a content type "game" that can be used to describe a game. It has the following fields with corresponding field types in brackets:

I need a number of custom fields for my current development, 1 of these is effectively a base field which is used on it's own in some places, but it also extended into further custom fields.

Classic design suggests lots of small modules, however, these field types are bespoke to this project so it seems logical (in my mind) to incorporate all of these into a single project_custom_fields module. I have other non-related bespoke functionality in individual modules, but it seems overkill to have a module for each field type.

What is the preferred way?

I am using the fantastic Ajax Login module (https://www.drupal.org/project/ajaxlogin) to show my login/register/change password forms as modals which works great but I cant figure out how to make a normal modal show its validation inside the modal. In my User profile template I have the following:

So I am trying my hand at drupal 8 after doing a lot of drupal 7 development. Once you get past all the mannerisms of Drupal 8, it's really a nice system and works very efficiently.

The problem I am having, is that I am trying to build a custom block programatically (because I need to do some conditional rendering of output, etc). I can't get the block content to render onto the page. 

I have tried two different ways. Using drupal console and 

Hello, I had a question about hosting a Drupal project on Drupal.org

I designed a Drupal site that manages datasets and does basic statistics.

Converting the functional site to a Drupal distribution has been difficult. There's 3rd party code that needs to be installed with root privileges and a lot of customizations that are difficult to reproduce as a Drupal distribution.

I've created a custom field type and can save a setting in the field type (a simple select list populated with taxonomy vocab)

With the field type I've created a widget and need to be able to see the vocab selection from the main field type so I can populate a select populated with the terms for the desired vocab.

How can I get to the settings of the field type from within the widget code?