Support responsive images

For what it's worth, I found a way using the existing Tweaks -- perhaps this could be added to the documentation if a direct responsive image filter isn't easy to add?

1. Assign the alternate responsive image style you want to use to a view mode for the media.
2. Find the Media ID of your image (Kint/Dump/etc).
3. Use the Entity Builder tweak instead of the Image tweak, and render out that beautiful responsive image:
   {{ drupal_entity('media', Media ID, 'Machine name of desired display mode') }}

And a real life example of what it looks like in code with a programmatically determined MID instead of a manually set one:
{{ drupal_entity('media', content.image['#object'].mid.value, 'postcard_tall') }}

{{ 'public://images/ocean.jpg' | responsive_image_style('narrow') }}
What URL do you expect to be printed here?

This quick patch does the job for me, perhaps it will be helpful as a base.
Currently takes FID and style as parameters, e.g.
{{ node.field_image.0.target_id | image_style_responsive('my_responsive_style') }}

Patch #4 works but might have been created for an older version of the module and it's missing some of the changes from the latest version so I applied the patch to the latest version 1.7 so it applies cleanly.

I updated the patch to be working with the latest changes in the 8.x-2.x branch

Added missing use.

As a workaround you may build srcset attribute manually like follows.

{% set imagePath = 'images/ocean.jpg' %}
<img srcset="{{ imagePath|image_style('thumbnail') }} 300w, {{ imagePath|imagePath('medium') }} 800w" src="{{ file_url(imagePath) }}"/>

I think converting file ID into markup is not what Twig filter should be used for. This is more a Twig function job. I will try to implement a generic function to render images in Twig templates. That should support responsive image styles as well.

I just pushed brand new drupal_image() function which supports responsive image styles. Feel free to test it and provide some feedback. The cheat sheet has been updated.
Thanks.