It would be nice if someone could port this functionality to Drupal 8.

Currently with Drupal 8, you can configure a media type (file entity) to use either the private or the public folder, but not mix them.

I worked around it by configuring 2 media types, one for each.
And I used https://www.drupal.org/project/media_private_access to restrict view access on the private media files while leaving the other media types anonymously accessible.

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PieterDC created an issue.