field-item HTML markup is still there

See attached screenshot.

In front page, I use custom "teaser in front page" display to show only two images from unlimited image field. There where some custom responsive CSS written earlier, initially used in other displays (where all images are shown).

After some time I've noticed this effect, that if there are filtered out field items (if node has more than two images), their parent field-item tags are still there, and styled "appropriately", as seen in screenshot.

Is this by design? Should I simply use CSS :empty to "fix" how teaser looks, or does other solution exists or is pending?

Thanks.