[meta] Fix 'Drupal.Commenting.VariableComment' coding standard

Part of #2571965: [meta] Fix PHP coding standards in core, stage 1.

Approach

We are testing coding standards with PHP CodeSniffer, using the Drupal coding standards from the Coder module. We need to do a couple of steps in order to download and configure them so we can run a coding standards check.

Step 1: Add the coding standard to the whitelist

Every coding standard is identified by a "sniff". For example, an imaginary coding standard that would require all llamas to be placed inside a square bracket fence would be called the "Drupal.AnimalControlStructure.BracketedFence sniff". There are dozens of such coding standards, and to make the work easier we have started by only whitelisting the sniffs that pass. For the moment all coding standards that are not yet fixed are simply skipped during the test.

Open the file core/phpcs.xml.dist and add a line for the sniff of this ticket or remove the line if it's currently excluded. The sniff name is in the issue title. Make sure your patch will include the addition / removal of this line.

Step 2: Install PHP CodeSniffer and the ruleset from the Coder module

$ composer install
$ ./vendor/bin/phpcs --config-set installed_paths ../../drupal/coder/coder_sniffer

Once you have installed the phpcs package, you can list all the sniffs available to you like this:

$ ./vendor/bin/phpcs --standard=Drupal -e

This will give you a big list of sniffs, and the Drupal-based ones should be present.

Step 3: Prepare the phpcs.xml file

To speed up the testing you should make a copy of the file phpcs.xml.dist (in the core/ folder) and save it as phpcs.xml. This is the configuration file for PHP CodeSniffer.

We only want this phpcs.xml file to specify the sniff we're interested in. So we need to remove all the rule items, and add only our own sniff's rule. Rule items look like this:

<rule ref="Drupal.Classes.UnusedUseStatement"/>

Remove all of them, and add only the sniff from this issue title. This will make sure that our tests run quickly, and are not going to contain any output from unrelated sniffs.

Step 4: Run the test

Now you are ready to run the test! From within the drupal root, run the following command to launch the test:

$ composer phpcs -- -ps

This takes a couple of minutes. The -p flag shows the progress, so you have a bunch of nice dots to look at while it is running. The -s flag shows the sniffs when displaying results.

Step 5: Fix the failures

When the test is complete it will present you a list of all the files that contain violations of your sniff, and the line numbers where the violations occur. You could fix all of these manually, but thankfully phpcbf can fix many of them. You can call phpcbf like this:

$ composer phpcbf

This will fix the errors in place. You can then make a diff of the changes using git. You can also re-run the test with phpcs and determine if that fixed all of them.

List of sub-sniffs related to Drupal.Commenting.VariableComment

We should create an issue for each, or at least for those with multiple violations. Those issue will have this issue as parent and will mention in the title the fixed sniff.

PHP CODE SNIFFER VIOLATION SOURCE SUMMARY
----------------------------------------------------------------------
SOURCE                                                           COUNT
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Drupal.Commenting.VariableComment.Missing                        248
Drupal.Commenting.VariableComment.VarOrder                       113
Drupal.Commenting.VariableComment.MissingVar                     83
----------------------------------------------------------------------
A TOTAL OF 444 SNIFF VIOLATIONS WERE FOUND IN 3 SOURCES
----------------------------------------------------------------------

To get this list add to phpcs.xml:

<rule ref="Drupal.Commenting.VariableComment"/>

and then run from root folder:

composer phpcs -- -ps  --report=source --report-width=120 --report-file=../phpcs-results.txt