Extra image classes are not rendered in Drupal 11.4 [#3613350]

Problem/Motivation

After upgrading a site from Drupal 11.3.x to Drupal 11.4.x, image classes configured using the Extra Image Field Classes formatter are no longer rendered on the final image tag.

The formatter is correctly selected under Manage Display and the field is rendered using {{ content.field_image }}.

However, the generated HTML does not contain the configured classes.

Steps to reproduce

Install Extra Image Field Classes

Configure an image field to use the "Extra Image Field Classes" formatter
Configure extra classes
Upgrade Drupal from 11.3.x to 11.4.x
Clear caches and inspect the rendered HTML

Expected result

<img class="extra-classes" ...>

Issue fork extra_image_field_classes-3613350

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