PHP ships with a built in webserver .
Its a nice way to not have to configure apache/nginx for local development. In the NodeJS world using nodemon is really common for example.
It works fine for files by default, but you need a router script in order to actually serve Drupal. The PHP built-in server has a small issue where it assumes all URLs w/ a period it them are for static assets. The .ht.router.php file overrides this functionality and looks for a resolvable route. If it finds one, it uses it instead of falling back on a static file.
Usage:
php -S localhost:8888 .ht.router.php
Be aware that Drupal's Clean URL test does not work because the built-in web server runs only one thread and Drupal tries to make one more request when the test runs (it uses drupal_http_request() in the request). You must visit 'admin/config/search/clean-urls' path without ?q= where you can switch on clean urls.