Try to parse version in composer if not in .info.yml

Problem/Motivation

From #3440128: version in info.yml for general project, when using an installation profile, there is no "version" put automatically in .info.yml file of the profile and in its modules/themes .info.yml files.

This will provoke a fatal error on status report page due to:

TypeError: Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape(): Argument #1 ($text) must be of type string, null given, called in /project/app/core/lib/Drupal/Component/Render/FormattableMarkup.php on line 256 in Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape() (line 431 of core/lib/Drupal/Component/Utility/Html.php).
Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderEscape(NULL) (Line: 229)
Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat('%profile_name (%profile-%version)', Array) (Line: 195)
Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup->render() (Line: 15)
Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup->__toString() (Line: 336)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('core/themes/claro/templates/status-report-grouped.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('status_report_grouped', Array) (Line: 446)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->doRender(Array, ) (Line: 203)
Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer->render(Array) (Line: 475)
Drupal\Core\Template\TwigExtension->escapeFilter(Object, Array, 'html', NULL, 1) (Line: 80)
__TwigTemplate_71280d5a17f166e234dcd7a30c6eb76d->doDisplay(Array, Array) (Line: 360)
Twig\Template->yield(Array) (Line: 335)
Twig\Template->render(Array) (Line: 38)
Twig\TemplateWrapper->render(Array) (Line: 39)
twig_render_template('core/themes/claro/templates/status-report-page.html.twig', Array) (Line: 348)
Drupal\Core\Theme\ThemeManager->render('status_report_page', Array) (Line: 446)
...

Also it would be nice that this kind of information would be handled with Composer data directly. Not only for installation profile, but also for modules and themes.

Steps to reproduce

Install a module in dev version using composer composer require drupal/address:2.0.x-dev.
On admin/modules, there is no indicated version for the module.

Proposed resolution

Try to get data from Composer.

Remaining tasks

- POC: done in MR
- handle sub-extensions
- handle tests extensions?
- if possible make the hardcoded 'drupal/' dynamic
- write tests

User interface changes

Versions of extensions not present in .info.yml but handled with Composer will be displayed on the admin pages.