Add a database update command

Problem/Motivation

Part of #3582246: [meta] CLI in Core community initiative. Referenced from theCLI in Core Initiative spreadsheet.

The updatedb command is one of the essential commands for deploying changes to Drupal.

Steps to reproduce

Working on a Drupal Core CLI Command issue > Test Commands

Confirm that a message is displayed when there are no updates.

Manual testing this requires a database update to be available so most-likely this will need to rely on more automated tests.

Proposed resolution

To be determined.

We will create a follow-up to investigate and implement sub processes to help avoid potential out-of-memory (OOM) for long-running PHP updates. It is likely that day-to-day usage will not encounter this with LRU improvements, and the complexity to implement this is higher.

Remaining tasks

Should we implement a basic step processing using CheckpointStorageInterface/CheckpointStorage similar to Recipe command?

User interface changes

To be determined.

Introduced terminology

To be determined.

API changes

To be determined.

Data model changes

To be determined.

Release notes snippet

To be determined.