Incomplete image tags in carousel

I recently uploaded a backup of a site to an offline server, to implement changes--one of which was simply expanding the width of the slideshow on the front page. For good measure, I typically run updates to Drupal and modules once I start working on the site offline. I cannot fully confirm if this has happened before or after updating Views Slideshow from 7.x-3.5 to 7.x-3.9 (I didn't notice anything in the changelogs that would indicated breaking slideshows already in use, though.)

Since beginning work on these site changes, I noticed that our views slideshow on the frontpage is not producing the full img tags. Instead the most I can get on the page is simply width="" height="" (Screenshot attached, since i cannot share access to this instance of the site.) Apart from the module update and increasing the image widths (why fix what isn't broken?) I have not made any changes to the view or images used.

Drupal.settings

<!--//--><![CDATA[//><!--
jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, 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\u00bb","close":"Close","maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","fixed":true,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px"},"better_exposed_filters":{"views":{"homepage_categories_row":{"displays":{"panel_pane_1":{"filters":[]}}},"homepage_thumbnails_view_3":{"displays":{"panel_pane_7":{"filters":[]},"panel_pane_9":{"filters":[]},"panel_pane_5":{"filters":[]}}},"testimonials":{"displays":{"block_1":{"filters":[]}}},"articles_homepage_view":{"displays":{"panel_pane_1":{"filters":[]},"panel_pane_2":{"filters":[]}}},"planting_zone_finder":{"displays":{"block":{"filters":{"tid":{"required":true}}}}},"homepage_slideshow":{"displays":{"default":{"filters":[]}}}}},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/gw\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:66d01e326e2cde720cbe86c32540fe9e":{"view_name":"homepage_thumbnails_view_3","view_display_id":"panel_pane_7","view_args":"","view_path":"home_2017","view_base_path":"monthly-values","view_dom_id":"66d01e326e2cde720cbe86c32540fe9e","pager_element":0},"views_dom_id:886e042881bf13da30e1fb245d790c42":{"view_name":"homepage_thumbnails_view_3","view_display_id":"panel_pane_9","view_args":"","view_path":"home_2017","view_base_path":"monthly-values","view_dom_id":"886e042881bf13da30e1fb245d790c42","pager_element":0},"views_dom_id:0dcc980e483ae263f567fd99d237e30a":{"view_name":"homepage_thumbnails_view_3","view_display_id":"panel_pane_5","view_args":"","view_path":"home_2017","view_base_path":"whats-new","view_dom_id":"0dcc980e483ae263f567fd99d237e30a","pager_element":0},"views_dom_id:239826de074cced3b7a304b5ae11c758":{"view_name":"planting_zone_finder","view_display_id":"block","view_args":"","view_path":"home_2017","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"239826de074cced3b7a304b5ae11c758","pager_element":0}}},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/gw\/views\/ajax":true,"\/gw\/":true,"\/gw\/search-page":true},"field_slideshow":{"field-slideshow-1":{"fx":"scrollHorz","speed":"1000","timeout":"4000","pause":1,"start_on_hover":0,"carousel_visible":"3","carousel_scroll":"1","carousel_speed":"500","carousel_vertical":0,"carousel_circular":0,"carousel_follow":0,"carousel_skin":"","pager":"","controls":[]},"field-slideshow-2":{"fx":"scrollHorz","speed":"1000","timeout":"4000","pause":1,"start_on_hover":0,"carousel_visible":"3","carousel_scroll":"1","carousel_speed":"500","carousel_vertical":0,"carousel_circular":0,"carousel_follow":0,"carousel_skin":"","pager":"","controls":[]},"field-slideshow-3":{"fx":"scrollHorz","speed":"1000","timeout":"4000","pause":1,"start_on_hover":0,"carousel_visible":"3","carousel_scroll":"1","carousel_speed":"500","carousel_vertical":0,"carousel_circular":0,"carousel_follow":0,"carousel_skin":"","pager":"","controls":[]},"field-slideshow-4":{"fx":"scrollHorz","speed":"1000","timeout":"4000","pause":1,"start_on_hover":0,"carousel_visible":"3","carousel_scroll":"1","carousel_speed":"500","carousel_vertical":0,"carousel_circular":0,"carousel_follow":0,"carousel_skin":"","pager":"","controls":[]},"field-slideshow-5":{"fx":"scrollHorz","speed":"1000","timeout":"4000","pause":1,"start_on_hover":0,"carousel_visible":"3","carousel_scroll":"1","carousel_speed":"500","carousel_vertical":0,"carousel_circular":0,"carousel_follow":0,"carousel_skin":"","pager":"","controls":[]}},"viewsSlideshow":{"homepage_slideshow-default":{"methods":{"goToSlide":["viewsSlideshowPager","viewsSlideshowSlideCounter","viewsSlideshowCycle"],"nextSlide":["viewsSlideshowPager","viewsSlideshowSlideCounter","viewsSlideshowCycle"],"pause":["viewsSlideshowControls","viewsSlideshowCycle"],"play":["viewsSlideshowControls","viewsSlideshowCycle"],"previousSlide":["viewsSlideshowPager","viewsSlideshowSlideCounter","viewsSlideshowCycle"],"transitionBegin":["viewsSlideshowPager","viewsSlideshowSlideCounter"],"transitionEnd":[]},"paused":0}},"viewsSlideshowPager":{"homepage_slideshow-default":{"bottom":{"type":"viewsSlideshowPagerFields"}}},"viewsSlideshowPagerFields":{"homepage_slideshow-default":{"bottom":{"activatePauseOnHover":0}}},"viewsSlideshowCycle":{"#views_slideshow_cycle_main_homepage_slideshow-default":{"num_divs":5,"id_prefix":"#views_slideshow_cycle_main_","div_prefix":"#views_slideshow_cycle_div_","vss_id":"homepage_slideshow-default","effect":"scrollHorz","transition_advanced":1,"timeout":5000,"speed":700,"delay":0,"sync":1,"random":0,"pause":1,"pause_on_click":0,"play_on_hover":0,"action_advanced":0,"start_paused":0,"remember_slide":0,"remember_slide_days":1,"pause_in_middle":0,"pause_when_hidden":0,"pause_when_hidden_type":"full","amount_allowed_visible":"","nowrap":0,"fixed_height":0,"items_per_slide":1,"wait_for_image_load":1,"wait_for_image_load_timeout":3000,"cleartype":0,"cleartypenobg":0,"advanced_options":"{\u0022width\u0022:\u0022960\u0022}","pause_after_slideshow":0,"advanced_options_choices":"width","advanced_options_entry":960}},"search_autocomplete":{"form1":{"selector":"#search-form[action=\u0022\/search\/node\u0022] 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//--><!]]>

Here is the export of my View, as well

$view = new view();
$view->name = 'homepage_slideshow';
$view->description = '';
$view->tag = 'default';
$view->base_table = 'node';
$view->human_name = 'Homepage Slideshow';
$view->core = 7;
$view->api_version = '3.0';
$view->disabled = FALSE; /* Edit this to true to make a default view disabled initially */

/* Display: Master */
$handler = $view->new_display('default', 'Master', 'default');
$handler->display->display_options['use_more_always'] = FALSE;
$handler->display->display_options['access']['type'] = 'perm';
$handler->display->display_options['cache']['type'] = 'none';
$handler->display->display_options['query']['type'] = 'views_query';
$handler->display->display_options['exposed_form']['type'] = 'basic';
$handler->display->display_options['pager']['type'] = 'some';
$handler->display->display_options['pager']['options']['items_per_page'] = '5';
$handler->display->display_options['pager']['options']['offset'] = '0';
$handler->display->display_options['style_plugin'] = 'slideshow';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['slideshow_type'] = 'views_slideshow_cycle';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['slideshow_skin'] = 'default';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['skin_info'] = array(
  'class' => 'default',
  'name' => 'Default',
  'module' => 'views_slideshow',
  'path' => '',
  'stylesheets' => array(),
);
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['top']['views_slideshow_pager']['weight'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['top']['views_slideshow_pager']['type'] = 'views_slideshow_pager_fields';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['top']['views_slideshow_pager']['views_slideshow_pager_fields_fields'] = array(
  'field_homepage_slideshow_url' => 0,
  'field_homepage_slideshow_image' => 0,
  'nid' => 0,
  'title' => 0,
  'nothing' => 0,
);
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['top']['views_slideshow_controls']['weight'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['top']['views_slideshow_controls']['type'] = 'views_slideshow_controls_text';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['top']['views_slideshow_slide_counter']['weight'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_pager']['enable'] = 1;
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_pager']['weight'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_pager']['hide_on_single_slide'] = 1;
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_pager']['type'] = 'views_slideshow_pager_fields';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_pager']['views_slideshow_pager_fields_fields'] = array(
  'nid' => 'nid',
  'field_homepage_slideshow_url' => 0,
  'field_homepage_slideshow_image' => 0,
  'title' => 0,
  'nothing' => 0,
);
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_controls']['weight'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_controls']['type'] = 'views_slideshow_controls_text';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['widgets']['bottom']['views_slideshow_slide_counter']['weight'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['effect'] = 'scrollHorz';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['transition_advanced'] = 1;
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['timeout'] = '5000';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['speed'] = '700';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['delay'] = '0';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['remember_slide_days'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['fixed_height'] = 0;
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['items_per_slide'] = '1';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['wait_for_image_load_timeout'] = '3000';
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['cleartype'] = 0;
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['cleartypenobg'] = 0;
$handler->display->display_options['style_options']['views_slideshow_cycle']['advanced_options'] = '{"width":"960"}';
$handler->display->display_options['row_plugin'] = 'fields';
/* Field: Content: URL */
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['id'] = 'field_homepage_slideshow_url';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['table'] = 'field_data_field_homepage_slideshow_url';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['field'] = 'field_homepage_slideshow_url';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['label'] = '';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['exclude'] = TRUE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['element_label_colon'] = FALSE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['click_sort_column'] = 'url';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['type'] = 'link_url';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_url']['settings'] = array(
  'field_formatter_class' => '',
);
/* Field: Content: Homepage Slideshow Image */
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['id'] = 'field_homepage_slideshow_image';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['table'] = 'field_data_field_homepage_slideshow_image';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['field'] = 'field_homepage_slideshow_image';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['label'] = '';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['alter']['make_link'] = TRUE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['alter']['path'] = '[field_homepage_slideshow_url]';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['element_label_colon'] = FALSE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['click_sort_column'] = 'fid';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['type'] = 'slideshow';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['field_homepage_slideshow_image']['settings'] = array(
  'slideshow_image_style' => 'home_slide',
  'slideshow_link' => '',
  'slideshow_colorbox_image_style' => '',
  'slideshow_colorbox_slideshow' => '',
  'slideshow_colorbox_slideshow_speed' => '4000',
  'slideshow_colorbox_transition' => 'elastic',
  'slideshow_colorbox_speed' => '350',
  'slideshow_caption' => '',
  'slideshow_caption_link' => '',
  'slideshow_fx' => 'scrollHorz',
  'slideshow_speed' => '1000',
  'slideshow_timeout' => '4000',
  'slideshow_order' => '',
  'slideshow_controls' => 0,
  'slideshow_controls_pause' => 0,
  'slideshow_controls_position' => 'after',
  'slideshow_pause' => 1,
  'slideshow_start_on_hover' => 0,
  'slideshow_pager' => '',
  'slideshow_pager_position' => 'after',
  'slideshow_pager_image_style' => '',
  'slideshow_carousel_image_style' => '',
  'slideshow_carousel_visible' => '3',
  'slideshow_carousel_scroll' => '1',
  'slideshow_carousel_speed' => '500',
  'slideshow_carousel_skin' => '',
  'slideshow_carousel_follow' => 0,
  'slideshow_carousel_vertical' => 0,
  'slideshow_carousel_circular' => 0,
  'field_formatter_class' => '',
);
/* Field: Content: Nid */
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['id'] = 'nid';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['table'] = 'node';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['field'] = 'nid';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['label'] = '';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['exclude'] = TRUE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['element_label_colon'] = FALSE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nid']['link_to_node'] = TRUE;
/* Field: Content: Title */
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['id'] = 'title';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['table'] = 'node';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['field'] = 'title';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['label'] = '';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['alter']['make_link'] = TRUE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['alter']['path'] = '[field_homepage_slideshow_url]';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['element_label_colon'] = FALSE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['title']['link_to_node'] = FALSE;
/* Field: Global: Custom text */
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['id'] = 'nothing';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['table'] = 'views';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['field'] = 'nothing';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['label'] = '';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['alter']['text'] = 'Shop Now';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['alter']['make_link'] = TRUE;
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['alter']['path'] = '[field_homepage_slideshow_url]';
$handler->display->display_options['fields']['nothing']['element_label_colon'] = FALSE;
/* Sort criterion: Content: Post date */
$handler->display->display_options['sorts']['created']['id'] = 'created';
$handler->display->display_options['sorts']['created']['table'] = 'node';
$handler->display->display_options['sorts']['created']['field'] = 'created';
$handler->display->display_options['sorts']['created']['order'] = 'DESC';
/* Filter criterion: Content: Published */
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['status']['id'] = 'status';
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['status']['table'] = 'node';
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['status']['field'] = 'status';
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['status']['value'] = 1;
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['status']['group'] = 1;
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['status']['expose']['operator'] = FALSE;
/* Filter criterion: Content: Type */
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['type']['id'] = 'type';
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['type']['table'] = 'node';
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['type']['field'] = 'type';
$handler->display->display_options['filters']['type']['value'] = array(
  'homepage_slideshow_content' => 'homepage_slideshow_content',
);
$translatables['homepage_slideshow'] = array(
  t('Master'),
  t('more'),
  t('Apply'),
  t('Reset'),
  t('Sort by'),
  t('Asc'),
  t('Desc'),
  t('Shop Now'),
);

Has anyone else had a similar issue, or able to determine what's happened to this view?