Views filters and other node date fields

No: as its name and project page suggests, it only provides a date picker for the Authored On field on the node submission form.

Er, at one point the project page made that clear: one of the later revisions lost the intro copy. That's been added back:

Date Popup Authored provides a jQuery UI datepicker for the Authored on date field found on node submission forms.

This allows content editors to pick a human-understandable date and not have to type the exact date format of the default Authored on field.