diff --git a/core/modules/book/book.module b/core/modules/book/book.module
index 356f68b..7d395ee 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/book.module
+++ b/core/modules/book/book.module
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ function book_node_view(array &$build, EntityInterface $node, EntityViewDisplayI
       }
       $book_navigation = array( '#theme' => 'book_navigation', '#book_link' => $node->book);
       $build['book_navigation'] = array(
-        '#markup' => drupal_render($book_navigation),
+        '#markup' => \Drupal::service('renderer')->render($book_navigation),
         '#weight' => 100,
         '#attached' => [
           'library' => [
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ function template_preprocess_book_navigation(&$variables) {
   }
 
   if (!empty($build)) {
-    drupal_render($build);
+    \Drupal::service('renderer')->render($build);
   }
 
   $variables['has_links'] = FALSE;
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ function theme_book_link(array $variables) {
   $sub_menu = '';
 
   if ($element['#below']) {
-    $sub_menu = drupal_render($element['#below']);
+    $sub_menu = \Drupal::service('renderer')->render($element['#below']);
   }
   $element['#localized_options']['set_active_class'] = TRUE;
   /** @var \Drupal\Core\Url $url */
diff --git a/core/modules/book/book.services.yml b/core/modules/book/book.services.yml
index 6d024f7..9a609df 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/book.services.yml
+++ b/core/modules/book/book.services.yml
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ services:
     arguments: ['@entity.manager', '@string_translation', '@config.factory', '@book.outline_storage', '@renderer']
   book.outline:
     class: Drupal\book\BookOutline
-    arguments: ['@book.manager']
+    arguments: ['@book.manager', '@renderer']
   book.export:
     class: Drupal\book\BookExport
-    arguments: ['@entity.manager', '@book.manager']
+    arguments: ['@entity.manager', '@book.manager', '@renderer']
   book.outline_storage:
     class: Drupal\book\BookOutlineStorage
     arguments: ['@database']
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookExport.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookExport.php
index b71c7a0..14fe192 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookExport.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookExport.php
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 use Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityManagerInterface;
 use Drupal\node\Entity\Node;
 use Drupal\node\NodeInterface;
+use Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer;
 
 /**
  * Provides methods for exporting book to different formats.
@@ -40,17 +41,27 @@ class BookExport {
   protected $bookManager;
 
   /**
+   * Rendering service.
+   *
+   * @var \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer
+   */
+  protected $renderer;
+
+  /**
    * Constructs a BookExport object.
    *
    * @param \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityManagerInterface $entityManager
    *   The entity manager.
    * @param \Drupal\book\BookManagerInterface $book_manager
    *   The book manager.
+   * @param \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer $renderer
+   *   The renderer service.
    */
-  public function __construct(EntityManagerInterface $entityManager, BookManagerInterface $book_manager) {
+  public function __construct(EntityManagerInterface $entityManager, BookManagerInterface $book_manager, Renderer $renderer) {
     $this->nodeStorage = $entityManager->getStorage('node');
     $this->viewBuilder = $entityManager->getViewBuilder('node');
     $this->bookManager = $book_manager;
+    $this->renderer = $renderer;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -118,7 +129,7 @@ protected function exportTraverse(array $tree, $callable) {
       }
     }
 
-    return drupal_render($build);
+    return $this->renderer->render($build);
   }
 
   /**
@@ -140,7 +151,7 @@ protected function bookNodeExport(NodeInterface $node, $children = '') {
     unset($build['#theme']);
 
     // @todo Rendering should happen in the template using render().
-    $node->rendered = drupal_render($build);
+    $node->rendered = $this->renderer->render($build);
     return array(
       '#theme' => 'book_node_export_html',
       '#node' => $node,
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php
index 41daf56..bd6d159 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ public function bookTreeOutput(array $tree) {
       $build[$data['link']['nid']] = $element;
     }
     if ($build) {
-      // Make sure drupal_render() does not re-order the links.
+      // Make sure renderer does not re-order the links.
       $build['#sorted'] = TRUE;
       // Add the theme wrapper for outer markup.
       // Allow book-specific theme overrides.
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php
index db3d1dd..9a18b11 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ public function deleteFromBook($nid);
    *   A data structure representing the tree as returned from buildBookOutlineData.
    *
    * @return array
-   *   A structured array to be rendered by drupal_render().
+   *   A structured renderable array.
    *
    * @todo This was copied from menu_tree_output() but with some changes that
    *   may be obsolete. Attempt to resolve the differences.
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php
index 484fd2c..84a3267 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 namespace Drupal\book;
 
+use Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer;
+
 /**
  * Provides handling to render the book outline.
  */
@@ -20,13 +22,23 @@ class BookOutline {
   protected $bookManager;
 
   /**
+   * Rendering service.
+   *
+   * @var \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer
+   */
+  protected $renderer;
+
+  /**
    * Constructs a new BookOutline.
    *
    * @param \Drupal\book\BookManagerInterface $book_manager
    *   The book manager.
+   * @param \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer $renderer
+   *   The renderer service.
    */
-  public function __construct(BookManagerInterface $book_manager) {
+  public function __construct(BookManagerInterface $book_manager, Renderer $renderer) {
     $this->bookManager = $book_manager;
+    $this->renderer = $renderer;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -127,7 +139,7 @@ public function childrenLinks(array $book_link) {
 
     if ($children) {
       $elements = $this->bookManager->bookTreeOutput($children);
-      return drupal_render($elements);
+      return $this->renderer->render($elements);
     }
     return '';
   }
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/Controller/BookController.php b/core/modules/book/src/Controller/BookController.php
index 2f89937..d015262 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/Controller/BookController.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/Controller/BookController.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 use Drupal\Core\Url;
 use Drupal\node\Entity\Node;
 use Drupal\node\NodeInterface;
+use Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer;
 use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Container;
 use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface;
 use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
@@ -38,16 +39,26 @@ class BookController extends ControllerBase {
   protected $bookExport;
 
   /**
+   * Rendering service.
+   *
+   * @var \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer
+   */
+  protected $renderer;
+
+  /**
    * Constructs a BookController object.
    *
    * @param \Drupal\book\BookManagerInterface $bookManager
    *   The book manager.
    * @param \Drupal\book\BookExport $bookExport
    *   The book export service.
+   * @param \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer $renderer
+   *   The renderer service.
    */
-  public function __construct(BookManagerInterface $bookManager, BookExport $bookExport) {
+  public function __construct(BookManagerInterface $bookManager, BookExport $bookExport, Renderer $renderer) {
     $this->bookManager = $bookManager;
     $this->bookExport = $bookExport;
+    $this->renderer = $renderer;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -56,7 +67,8 @@ public function __construct(BookManagerInterface $bookManager, BookExport $bookE
   public static function create(ContainerInterface $container) {
     return new static(
       $container->get('book.manager'),
-      $container->get('book.export')
+      $container->get('book.export'),
+      $container->get('renderer')
     );
   }
 
@@ -154,7 +166,7 @@ public function bookExport($type, NodeInterface $node) {
     }
 
     $exported_book = $this->bookExport->{$method}($node);
-    return new Response(drupal_render($exported_book));
+    return new Response($this->renderer->render($exported_book));
   }
 
 }
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/Form/BookAdminEditForm.php b/core/modules/book/src/Form/BookAdminEditForm.php
index 9df174d..d7acbcf 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/Form/BookAdminEditForm.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/Form/BookAdminEditForm.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use Drupal\Core\Render\Element;
 use Drupal\Core\Url;
 use Drupal\node\NodeInterface;
+use Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer;
 use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface;
 
 /**
@@ -38,16 +39,26 @@ class BookAdminEditForm extends FormBase {
   protected $bookManager;
 
   /**
+   * Rendering service.
+   *
+   * @var \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer
+   */
+  protected $renderer;
+
+  /**
    * Constructs a new BookAdminEditForm.
    *
    * @param \Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityStorageInterface $node_storage
    *   The custom block storage.
    * @param \Drupal\book\BookManagerInterface $book_manager
    *   The book manager.
+   * @param \Drupal\Core\Render\Renderer $renderer
+   *   The renderer service.
    */
-  public function __construct(EntityStorageInterface $node_storage, BookManagerInterface $book_manager) {
+  public function __construct(EntityStorageInterface $node_storage, BookManagerInterface $book_manager, Renderer $renderer) {
     $this->nodeStorage = $node_storage;
     $this->bookManager = $book_manager;
+    $this->renderer = $renderer;
   }
 
   /**
@@ -57,7 +68,8 @@ public static function create(ContainerInterface $container) {
     $entity_manager = $container->get('entity.manager');
     return new static(
       $entity_manager->getStorage('node'),
-      $container->get('book.manager')
+      $container->get('book.manager'),
+      $container->get('renderer')
     );
   }
 
@@ -225,7 +237,7 @@ protected function bookAdminTableTree(array $tree, array &$form) {
       }
 
       $form[$id]['title'] = [
-        '#prefix' => !empty($indentation) ? drupal_render($indentation) : '',
+        '#prefix' => !empty($indentation) ? $this->renderer->render($indentation) : '',
         '#type' => 'textfield',
         '#default_value' => $data['link']['title'],
         '#maxlength' => 255,