diff --git a/core/modules/book/book.module b/core/modules/book/book.module
index c034ed6..87d0c8b 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/book.module
+++ b/core/modules/book/book.module
@@ -62,13 +62,9 @@ function book_theme() {
     'book_navigation' => array(
       'variables' => array('book_link' => NULL),
     ),
-    'book_tree' => array(
-      'render element' => 'tree',
-    ),
-    'book_link' => array(
-      'render element' => 'element',
-      'function' => 'theme_book_link',
-    ),
+    'book_tree' => [
+      'variables' => ['items' => [], 'attributes' => []],
+    ],
     'book_export_html' => array(
       'variables' => array('title' => NULL, 'contents' => NULL, 'depth' => NULL),
     ),
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php
index aab9611..14d6649 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookManager.php
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslationInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\StringTranslationTrait;
 use Drupal\Core\Config\ConfigFactoryInterface;
+use Drupal\Core\Template\Attribute;
 use Drupal\node\NodeInterface;
 
 /**
@@ -500,21 +501,16 @@ public function getActiveTrailIds($bid, $link) {
   /**
    * {@inheritdoc}
    */
-  public function bookTreeOutput(array $tree) {
-    $build = array();
-    $items = array();
+  public function build(array $tree, $level = 0) {
+    $build = [];
+    $items = [];
 
-    // Pull out just the book links we are going to render so that we
-    // get an accurate count for the first/last classes.
     foreach ($tree as $data) {
-      if ($data['link']['access']) {
-        $items[] = $data;
-      }
-    }
-
-    $num_items = count($items);
-    foreach ($items as $i => $data) {
       $class = ['menu-item'];
+      // Generally we only deal with visible links, but just in case.
+      if (!$data['link']['access']) {
+        continue;
+      }
       // Set a class for the <li>-tag. Since $data['below'] may contain local
       // tasks, only set 'expanded' class if the link also has children within
       // the current book.
@@ -528,30 +524,40 @@ public function bookTreeOutput(array $tree) {
       // Set a class if the link is in the active trail.
       if ($data['link']['in_active_trail']) {
         $class[] = 'menu-item--active-trail';
-        $data['link']['localized_options']['attributes']['class'][] = 'menu-item--active-trail';
       }
 
       // Allow book-specific theme overrides.
-      $element['#theme'] = 'book_link__book_toc_' . $data['link']['bid'];
-      $element['#attributes']['class'] = $class;
-      $element['#title'] = $data['link']['title'];
+      $element = [];
+      $element['attributes'] = new Attribute();
+      $element['attributes']['class'] = $class;
+      $element['title'] = $data['link']['title'];
       $node = $this->entityManager->getStorage('node')->load($data['link']['nid']);
-      $element['#url'] = $node->urlInfo();
-      $element['#localized_options'] = !empty($data['link']['localized_options']) ? $data['link']['localized_options'] : array();
-      $element['#below'] = $data['below'] ? $this->bookTreeOutput($data['below']) : $data['below'];
-      $element['#original_link'] = $data['link'];
+      $element['url'] = $node->urlInfo();
+      $element['localized_options'] = !empty($data['link']['localized_options']) ? $data['link']['localized_options'] : [];
+      $element['below'] = $data['below'] ? $this->build($data['below'], $level + 1) : [];
+      $element['original_link'] = $data['link'];
       // Index using the link's unique nid.
-      $build[$data['link']['nid']] = $element;
+      $items[$data['link']['nid']] = $element;
     }
-    if ($build) {
+
+    if (!$items) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    elseif ($level == 0) {
+      $build = [];
       // Make sure drupal_render() does not re-order the links.
       $build['#sorted'] = TRUE;
       // Add the theme wrapper for outer markup.
-      // Allow book-specific theme overrides.
-      $build['#theme_wrappers'][] = 'book_tree__book_toc_' . $data['link']['bid'];
+      // Allow menu-specific theme overrides.
+      $build['#theme'] = 'book_tree__book_toc_' . $data['link']['bid'];
+      $build['#items'] = $items;
+      // Set cache tag.
+      $build['#cache']['tags'][] = 'config:system.book.' . $data['link']['bid'];
+      return $build;
+    }
+    else {
+      return $items;
     }
-
-    return $build;
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php
index db3d1dd..96269c0 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookManagerInterface.php
@@ -254,11 +254,8 @@ public function deleteFromBook($nid);
    *
    * @return array
    *   A structured array to be rendered by drupal_render().
-   *
-   * @todo This was copied from menu_tree_output() but with some changes that
-   *   may be obsolete. Attempt to resolve the differences.
    */
-  public function bookTreeOutput(array $tree);
+  public function build(array $tree, $level = 0);
 
   /**
    * Checks access and performs dynamic operations for each link in the tree.
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php b/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php
index 484fd2c..d87a1e5 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/BookOutline.php
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public function childrenLinks(array $book_link) {
     }
 
     if ($children) {
-      $elements = $this->bookManager->bookTreeOutput($children);
+      $elements = $this->bookManager->build($children);
       return drupal_render($elements);
     }
     return '';
diff --git a/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php b/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php
index 30153be..828f5e1 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php
+++ b/core/modules/book/src/Plugin/Block/BookNavigationBlock.php
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ public function build() {
           // If the current page is a node associated with a book, the menu
           // needs to be retrieved.
           $data = $this->bookManager->bookTreeAllData($node->book['bid'], $node->book);
-          $book_menus[$book_id] = $this->bookManager->bookTreeOutput($data);
+          $book_menus[$book_id] = $this->bookManager->build($data);
         }
         else {
           // Since we know we will only display a link to the top node, there
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ public function build() {
           $book_node = $this->nodeStorage->load($book['nid']);
           $book['access'] = $book_node->access('view');
           $pseudo_tree[0]['link'] = $book;
-          $book_menus[$book_id] = $this->bookManager->bookTreeOutput($pseudo_tree);
+          $book_menus[$book_id] = $this->bookManager->build($pseudo_tree);
         }
         $book_menus[$book_id] += array(
           '#book_title' => $book['title'],
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ public function build() {
         $tree = $this->bookManager->bookTreeAllData($node->book['bid'], $node->book);
         // There should only be one element at the top level.
         $data = array_shift($tree);
-        $below = $this->bookManager->bookTreeOutput($data['below']);
+        $below = $this->bookManager->build($data['below']);
         if (!empty($below)) {
           return $below;
         }
diff --git a/core/modules/book/templates/book-tree.html.twig b/core/modules/book/templates/book-tree.html.twig
index 46068c7..d9c31db 100644
--- a/core/modules/book/templates/book-tree.html.twig
+++ b/core/modules/book/templates/book-tree.html.twig
@@ -1,16 +1,44 @@
 {#
 /**
  * @file
- * Default theme implementation for a book tree.
+ * Default theme implementation to display a book tree.
  *
  * Returns HTML for a wrapper for a book sub-tree.
  *
  * Available variables:
- *   - tree: An HTML string containing the tree's items.
- *
- * @see template_preprocess_book_tree()
+ * - items: A nested list of book items. Each book item contains:
+ *   - attributes: HTML attributes for the book item.
+ *   - below: The book item child items.
+ *   - title: The book link title.
+ *   - url: The book link url, instance of \Drupal\Core\Url
  *
  * @ingroup themeable
  */
 #}
-<ul>{{ tree }}</ul>
+{% import _self as book_tree %}
+
+{#
+  We call a macro which calls itself to render the full tree.
+  @see http://twig.sensiolabs.org/doc/tags/macro.html
+#}
+{{ book_tree.book_links(items, attributes, 0) }}
+
+{% macro book_links(items, attributes, menu_level) %}
+  {% import _self as book_tree %}
+  {% if items %}
+    {% if menu_level == 0 %}
+      <ul{{ attributes }}>
+    {% else %}
+      <ul>
+    {% endif %}
+      {% for item in items %}
+        <li{{ item.attributes }}>
+          {{ link(item.title, item.url) }}
+          {% if item.below %}
+            {{ book_tree.book_links(item.below, attributes, menu_level + 1) }}
+          {% endif %}
+        </li>
+      {% endfor %}
+    </ul>
+  {% endif %}
+{% endmacro %}
diff --git a/core/modules/update/src/Tests/UpdateUploadTest.php b/core/modules/update/src/Tests/UpdateUploadTest.php
index 0565ff0..61a8480 100644
--- a/core/modules/update/src/Tests/UpdateUploadTest.php
+++ b/core/modules/update/src/Tests/UpdateUploadTest.php
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 namespace Drupal\update\Tests;
 
+use Drupal\Core\Updater\Updater;
 use Drupal\Core\Url;
 
 /**
@@ -111,4 +112,18 @@ function testUpdateManagerCoreSecurityUpdateMessages() {
     $this->drupalGet('admin/update/ready');
     $this->assertNoText(t('There is a security update available for your version of Drupal.'));
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Tests that modules with only module info.yml files are detected without
+   * a module file.
+   * @covers Module::canUpdateDirectory().
+   */
+  function testUpdateDirectory() {
+    $type = Updater::getUpdaterFromDirectory(\Drupal::root() . '/core/modules/update/tests/modules/aaa_update_test');
+    $this->assertEqual($type, 'Drupal\\Core\\Updater\\Module', 'Detected a Module');
+
+    $type = Updater::getUpdaterFromDirectory(\Drupal::root() . '/core/modules/update/tests/themes/update_test_basetheme');
+    $this->assertEqual($type, 'Drupal\\Core\\Updater\\Theme', 'Detected a Theme.');
+  }
+
 }
diff --git a/core/themes/classy/templates/navigation/book-tree.html.twig b/core/themes/classy/templates/navigation/book-tree.html.twig
index be69457..c819bbc 100644
--- a/core/themes/classy/templates/navigation/book-tree.html.twig
+++ b/core/themes/classy/templates/navigation/book-tree.html.twig
@@ -1,14 +1,44 @@
 {#
 /**
  * @file
- * Theme override for a book tree.
+ * Default theme implementation to display a book tree.
  *
  * Returns HTML for a wrapper for a book sub-tree.
  *
  * Available variables:
- *   - tree: An HTML string containing the tree's items.
+ * - items: A nested list of book items. Each book item contains:
+ *   - attributes: HTML attributes for the book item.
+ *   - below: The book item child items.
+ *   - title: The book link title.
+ *   - url: The book link url, instance of \Drupal\Core\Url
  *
- * @see template_preprocess_book_tree()
+ * @ingroup themeable
  */
 #}
-<ul class="menu">{{ tree }}</ul>
+{% import _self as book_tree %}
+
+{#
+  We call a macro which calls itself to render the full tree.
+  @see http://twig.sensiolabs.org/doc/tags/macro.html
+#}
+{{ book_tree.book_links(items, attributes, 0) }}
+
+{% macro book_links(items, attributes, menu_level) %}
+  {% import _self as book_tree %}
+  {% if items %}
+    {% if menu_level == 0 %}
+      <ul{{ attributes.addClass('menu') }}>
+    {% else %}
+      <ul class="menu">
+    {% endif %}
+      {% for item in items %}
+        <li{{ item.attributes }}>
+          {{ link(item.title, item.url) }}
+          {% if item.below %}
+            {{ book_tree.book_links(item.below, attributes, menu_level + 1) }}
+          {% endif %}
+        </li>
+      {% endfor %}
+    </ul>
+  {% endif %}
+{% endmacro %}
