core/lib/Drupal/Core/Cache/Cache.php                 | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 .../FieldFormatter/EntityReferenceLabelFormatter.php | 12 +++++++++++-
 .../Field/FieldFormatter/LanguageFormatter.php       |  3 +++
 .../Field/FieldFormatter/CommentDefaultFormatter.php |  2 ++
 .../Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LinkFormatter.php    |  6 ++++++
 .../Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/PlainFormatter.php   |  3 +++
 .../Field/FieldFormatter/TaxonomyFormatterBase.php   | 18 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../Field/FieldFormatter/TextDefaultFormatter.php    |  2 ++
 .../Field/FieldFormatter/TextTrimmedFormatter.php    |  2 ++
 9 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Cache/Cache.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Cache/Cache.php
index 4e0124f..91cc4a8 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Cache/Cache.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Cache/Cache.php
@@ -22,6 +22,26 @@ class Cache {
   const PERMANENT = CacheBackendInterface::CACHE_PERMANENT;
 
   /**
+   * Merges arrays of cache contexts and removes duplicates.
+   *
+   * @param string[] …
+   *   Arrays of cache contexts to merge.
+   *
+   * @return string[]
+   *   The merged array of cache contexts.
+   */
+  public static function mergeContexts() {
+    $cache_context_arrays = func_get_args();
+    $cache_contexts = [];
+    foreach ($cache_context_arrays as $contexts) {
+      $cache_contexts = array_merge($cache_contexts, $contexts);
+    }
+    $cache_contexts = array_unique($cache_contexts);
+    sort($cache_contexts);
+    return $cache_contexts;
+  }
+
+  /**
    * Merges arrays of cache tags and removes duplicates.
    *
    * The cache tags array is returned in a format that is valid for
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/EntityReferenceLabelFormatter.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/EntityReferenceLabelFormatter.php
index dbc8958..0651bbc 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/EntityReferenceLabelFormatter.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/EntityReferenceLabelFormatter.php
@@ -64,7 +64,16 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
     $elements = array();
     $output_as_link = $this->getSetting('link');
 
-    foreach ($this->getEntitiesToView($items) as $delta => $entity) {
+    $entities = $this->getEntitiesToView($items);
+
+    // Cache contexts: if one entity is translatable, then they all are.
+    $cache_contexts = [];
+    $first_entity = reset($entities);
+    if (count($first_entity->getTranslationLanguages()) > 1) {
+      $cache_contexts[] = 'language';
+    }
+
+    foreach ($entities as $delta => $entity) {
       $label = $entity->label();
       // If the link is to be displayed and the entity has a uri, display a
       // link.
@@ -100,6 +109,7 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
       else {
         $elements[$delta] = array('#markup' => String::checkPlain($label));
       }
+      $elements[$delta]['#cache']['contexts'] = $cache_contexts;
       $elements[$delta]['#cache']['tags'] = $entity->getCacheTags();
     }
 
diff --git a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LanguageFormatter.php b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LanguageFormatter.php
index d936b89..ba730a6 100644
--- a/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LanguageFormatter.php
+++ b/core/lib/Drupal/Core/Field/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LanguageFormatter.php
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ class LanguageFormatter extends FormatterBase {
   public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
     $elements = array();
 
+    // The 'language' cache context is not necessary, because
+    // \Drupal\Core\Language\LanguageInterface::getName() always returns the
+    // human-readable English name.
     foreach ($items as $delta => $item) {
       $elements[$delta] = array('#markup' => $item->language ? String::checkPlain($item->language->getName()) : '');
     }
diff --git a/core/modules/comment/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/CommentDefaultFormatter.php b/core/modules/comment/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/CommentDefaultFormatter.php
index 02c3107..251dce0 100644
--- a/core/modules/comment/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/CommentDefaultFormatter.php
+++ b/core/modules/comment/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/CommentDefaultFormatter.php
@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
       // Unpublished comments are not included in
       // $entity->get($field_name)->comment_count, but unpublished comments
       // should display if the user is an administrator.
+      $output['comments']['#cache']['contexts'][] = 'user.roles';
       if ($this->currentUser->hasPermission('access comments') || $this->currentUser->hasPermission('administer comments')) {
         // This is a listing of Comment entities, so associate its list cache
         // tag for correct invalidation.
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
       // display below the entity. Do not show the form for the print view mode.
       if ($status == CommentItemInterface::OPEN && $comment_settings['form_location'] == CommentItemInterface::FORM_BELOW && $this->viewMode != 'print') {
         // Only show the add comment form if the user has permission.
+        $output['comments']['#cache']['contexts'][] = 'user.roles';
         if ($this->currentUser->hasPermission('post comments')) {
           // All users in the "anonymous" role can use the same form: it is fine
           // for this form to be stored in the render cache.
diff --git a/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LinkFormatter.php b/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LinkFormatter.php
index d94e2bf..847e1fd 100644
--- a/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LinkFormatter.php
+++ b/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/LinkFormatter.php
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
     foreach ($items as $delta => $item) {
       if ($item->hasNewEntity()) {
         $elements[$delta] = array(
+          '#cache' => [
+            'contexts' => $item->_cacheContexts,
+          ],
           '#markup' => String::checkPlain($item->entity->label()),
         );
       }
@@ -41,6 +44,9 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
         /** @var $term \Drupal\taxonomy\TermInterface */
         $term = $item->entity;
         $elements[$delta] = array(
+          '#cache' => [
+            'contexts' => $item->_cacheContexts,
+          ],
           '#type' => 'link',
           '#title' => $term->getName(),
           '#url' => $term->urlInfo(),
diff --git a/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/PlainFormatter.php b/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/PlainFormatter.php
index 1bf4ab4..0161791 100644
--- a/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/PlainFormatter.php
+++ b/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/PlainFormatter.php
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
 
     foreach ($items as $delta => $item) {
       $elements[$delta] = array(
+        '#cache' => [
+          'contexts' => $item->_cacheContexts,
+        ],
         '#markup' => String::checkPlain($item->entity->label()),
       );
     }
diff --git a/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TaxonomyFormatterBase.php b/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TaxonomyFormatterBase.php
index 6109674..43273b1 100644
--- a/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TaxonomyFormatterBase.php
+++ b/core/modules/taxonomy/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TaxonomyFormatterBase.php
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 namespace Drupal\taxonomy\Plugin\Field\FieldFormatter;
 
+use Drupal\Core\Cache\Cache;
+use Drupal\Core\Cache\CacheableInterface;
 use Drupal\Core\Field\FormatterBase;
 
 /**
@@ -21,7 +23,8 @@
    * unsets values for invalid terms that do not exist.
    */
   public function prepareView(array $entities_items) {
-    $terms = array();
+    $terms = [];
+    $cache_contexts_per_term = [];
 
     // Collect every possible term attached to any of the fieldable entities.
     /* @var \Drupal\Core\Field\EntityReferenceFieldItemList $items */
@@ -31,12 +34,21 @@ public function prepareView(array $entities_items) {
       $active_langcode = $parent->language()->getId();
       /* @var \Drupal\taxonomy\Entity\Term $term */
       foreach ($items->referencedEntities() as $term) {
+        $cache_contexts = [];
+        if (count($term->getTranslationLanguages()) > 1) {
+          $cache_contexts[] = 'language';
+        }
         if ($term->hasTranslation($active_langcode)) {
           $translated_term = $term->getTranslation($active_langcode);
-          if ($translated_term->access('view')) {
+          $access_result = $translated_term->access('view', NULL, TRUE);
+          if ($access_result instanceof CacheableInterface) {
+            $cache_contexts = Cache::mergeContexts($cache_contexts, $access_result->getCacheContexts());
+          }
+          if ($access_result->isAllowed()) {
             $term = $translated_term;
           }
         }
+        $cache_contexts_per_term[$term->id()] = $cache_contexts;
         if (!$term->isNew()) {
           $terms[$term->id()] = $term;
         }
@@ -53,10 +65,12 @@ public function prepareView(array $entities_items) {
           if (isset($terms[$item->target_id])) {
             // Replace the instance value with the term data.
             $item->entity = $terms[$item->target_id];
+            $item->_cacheContexts = $cache_contexts_per_term[$item->target_id];
           }
           // Terms to be created are not in $terms, but are still legitimate.
           elseif ($item->hasNewEntity()) {
             // Leave the item in place.
+            $item->_cacheContexts = $cache_contexts_per_term[$item->target_id];
           }
           // Otherwise, unset the instance value, since the term does not exist.
           else {
diff --git a/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextDefaultFormatter.php b/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextDefaultFormatter.php
index efc4c0d..623c808 100644
--- a/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextDefaultFormatter.php
+++ b/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextDefaultFormatter.php
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ class TextDefaultFormatter extends FormatterBase {
   public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
     $elements = array();
 
+    // The ProcessedText element already handles cache context & tag bubbling.
+    // @see \Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText()
     foreach ($items as $delta => $item) {
       $elements[$delta] = array(
         '#type' => 'processed_text',
diff --git a/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextTrimmedFormatter.php b/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextTrimmedFormatter.php
index ed1c8c3..105bfd5 100644
--- a/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextTrimmedFormatter.php
+++ b/core/modules/text/src/Plugin/Field/FieldFormatter/TextTrimmedFormatter.php
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ public function viewElements(FieldItemListInterface $items) {
       $element['#text_summary_trim_length'] = $this->getSetting('trim_length');
     };
 
+    // The ProcessedText element already handles cache context & tag bubbling.
+    // @see \Drupal\filter\Element\ProcessedText::preRenderText()
     foreach ($items as $delta => $item) {
       $elements[$delta] = array(
         '#type' => 'processed_text',